Road cycling is the most widespread and common form of cycling. It encompasses recreational riding, competitive racing, and practical transportation using bicycles designed for paved surfaces. Road cyclists must adhere to the same traffic rules and laws as other motorists and motorcyclists, and they are considered vehicles under traffic regulations.

Road bikes are characterized by drop handlebars (also known as dropped or curved handlebars) and multiple gears for efficient speed variation. Variants with single-speed or fixed-gear setups also exist. To reduce rolling resistance and overall weight compared to other bicycle types, road bikes feature narrow, high-pressure tires (typically slick or minimally treaded). The low weight and aerodynamic design of a road bike make it one of the most efficient human-powered vehicles for traveling from one point to another on paved roads. The drop handlebars are often positioned lower than the saddle to allow the rider to adopt a more aerodynamic posture. Hybrid or fitness bikes—often modified mountain bikes equipped with smoother or semi-slick tires—are popular among urban and suburban commuters. Although less efficient, their upright riding position provides better visibility in traffic, and they can easily be fitted with accessories such as mudguards (fenders), racks, lights, and panniers. In the context of utility cycling, road-style bikes serve diverse purposes, including daily commuting, bicycle courier services, bike rickshaws, and recreational riding. A fundamental etiquette rule when cycling on roads is to follow the same traffic laws and regulations as other vehicles. Vigilance toward motor traffic is essential, as the aerodynamic profile of a road bike and rider can make them harder for drivers to spot. Wearing bright, high-visibility clothing and reflective gear significantly reduces accident risk. Road racing is a highly popular spectator sport in nearly every country worldwide. The exceptional efficiency of the bicycle has made it a favored choice for recreation, transportation, and competition. While cycling can occur on paths and trails, road cycling is primarily restricted to paved asphalt and concrete surfaces.

Road cycling races are held on paved asphalt roads in formats such as individual road races and group races. The route length varies according to age categories and event type. Among cycling disciplines, road cycling is one of the most developed and professionalized, featuring prominently in events like the Tour de France, Olympic Games, and UCI World Championships.