Road cycling is the most widespread form of cycling. It includes bicycles designed for recreation, competition, and practical transportation. Road cyclists must follow the same rules and laws as other motorists and motorcyclists and may be considered vehicle operators.

Bicycles designed for road cycling feature drop handlebars and a wide range of gears, although there are also types with a single gear or a limited number of gears. Road bikes are additionally equipped with narrow, high-pressure tires to reduce rolling resistance and to be lighter than other types of bicycles. The low weight and aerodynamic design of road bicycles make them the most efficient form of human-powered transportation for moving people from one place to another. To allow the cyclist to maintain a more aerodynamic position, drop handlebars are often positioned lower than the saddle. Mountain bikes equipped with smooth or semi-smooth tread tires are popular among residents of suburban areas. Although they are less efficient, the upright riding position allows the cyclist to better observe traffic, and these bicycles can easily be fitted with mudguards, cargo racks, and other accessories. In the context of bicycles intended for practical transportation, road bicycles serve a variety of purposes, including daily commuting, bicycle-based businesses (such as bicycle couriers and bicycle rickshaws), and recreation. When road cycling, the general rule of courtesy is to follow the same rules and laws observed by other vehicles. Paying close attention to traffic is very important while riding on the road. Due to the aerodynamic nature of road bicycles, it can be difficult for motorists traveling along the road to notice cyclists. Wearing bright and reflective colors helps reduce the risk of accidents by increasing visibility. Road racing is a sport that attracts public attention and viewership in almost every country in the world. The exceptional efficiency of the bicycle has made it a very popular means of recreation, transportation, and competition. It is used on roads and paths but is mainly limited to paved and concrete surfaces.

Road cycling is conducted on paved asphalt roads in the form of individual and group races. The length of the route covered by cyclists varies according to age categories. Among the different disciplines of cycling, road cycling is the most developed.